The Rabbinical Court System בתי הדין הרבניים
Israel's network of state-recognized Jewish religious courts, established in current form by the Rabbinical Courts Jurisdiction (Marriage and Divorce) Law of 1953. Twelve regional courts hear Jewish personal-status matters under halacha, with appeals to the Rabbinical Court of Appeals in Jerusalem presided over by the Sephardi Chief Rabbi. The institutional embodiment of the principle that Jewish marriage and divorce in the State of Israel are governed by Jewish law.
Биография
The Rabbinical Courts trace their lineage to the millet system of the Ottoman period and were formally reorganized under British Mandate Order in 1922, then re-established by the State of Israel in 1953. They have exclusive jurisdiction over Jewish marriage and divorce in Israel and concurrent jurisdiction (by mutual consent) over related matters such as alimony, child support, and division of property between Jewish spouses. Dayanim (religious-court judges) are appointed by a 10-member Committee for the Appointment of Dayanim chaired by the Justice Minister and including the two Chief Rabbis, two sitting dayanim, two ministers, two MKs, and two rabbis chosen by the Chief Rabbinate.
Заметный послужной список
- Twelve regional Rabbinical Courts plus the Rabbinical Court of Appeals (Beit HaDin HaRabbani HaGadol) in Jerusalem
- Approximately 90 sitting dayanim across the system
- Exclusive jurisdiction over Jewish marriage and divorce in Israel, the principle that the founding of a Jewish family in the Jewish state happens within the framework of Jewish law
- Israeli Supreme Court reviews rabbinical-court decisions only on narrow administrative and jurisdictional grounds, preserving the religious courts' substantive halachic authority
- Parallel state-recognized religious court systems exist for Muslim (Sharia), Christian (ecclesiastical), and Druze communities, each with jurisdiction over personal-status matters within their community
Сегодня
The rabbinical-court system continues its daily work across Israel, processing thousands of divorces, marriage registrations, and personal-status determinations each year, while halachic authorities within the system continue developing solutions for difficult cases such as agunot (chained women) and refining the conversion process within the framework of halacha. Reform efforts within the system have focused on expanding the use of halachic mechanisms (such as well-drafted prenuptial agreements and assertive use of the courts' coercive powers) to resolve agunot cases.
Почему это важно
Anchors Jewish personal-status law within the institutions of the State of Israel, making the Jewish state a place where the foundational moments of Jewish family life are governed by the law of the Torah, as transmitted across the generations.
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The Rabbinical Court System, Network of Jewish religious courts (Batei Din) with exclusive jurisdiction over Jewish marriage and divorce. Государство Израиль. https://thestateofisrael.com/ru/justice/the-rabbinical-court-system