Infrastructure

The Red Line opened in August 2023, linking Petah Tikva, Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv–Yafo and Bat Yam. Its 24-kilometre route has 34 stations, including ten underground stations. NTA developed the line and Tevel operates it. It is the first operating line of the Dan region’s light-rail network.

The Purple Line is being built as a surface light-rail route from central Tel Aviv to eastern communities including Ramat Gan, Kiryat Ono, Or Yehuda and Yehud–Monosson. NTA’s updated plan describes a 27-kilometre route and targets opening in 2028. Construction and procurement are ongoing; the line is not yet carrying passengers.

The Green Line is under construction between Rishon LeZion and Holon in the south, central Tel Aviv and Herzliya in the north. The planned route is 39 kilometres, including 4.5 kilometres underground. NTA targets the southern section for 2028 and the full line for 2030; these are scheduled openings, not completed service.

The planned Tel Aviv Metro comprises three lines, about 150 kilometres and 109 stations across the metropolitan area. M1 is planned at 85 kilometres with 62 stations. Procurement and preparatory works are underway. NTA opened prequalification for Infra 2 works in August 2026, with submissions due in January 2027. Passenger service has not begun.

The electric railway links Jerusalem’s Yitzhak Navon station with Ben Gurion Airport and Tel Aviv. Airport service began in September 2018; direct service to Tel Aviv HaHagana followed in December 2019.

Israel Railways is replacing diesel traction with electric trains and overhead power infrastructure. The rollout remains ongoing: a further electrification tender was published in 2026.

Opened in September 2017, this 23-kilometre branch connects the coastal railway near Acre with Ahihud and Karmiel. Its route through the Galilee includes the Gilon tunnels.

The 30-kilometre railway under construction along Highway 431 will link Rishon LeZion with Modi’in and the Jerusalem corridor. It includes new stations at Rishon LeZion Tashach and Ramla South. Israel Railways targets operation in 2028.

The planned extension from Karmiel would bring passenger rail to Kiryat Shmona and the Upper Galilee. The government’s June 2026 northern recovery programme prioritises advancing the project. It is not an operating railway, and a confirmed opening date has not been established.

The proposed railway would extend passenger and freight links through the Negev and Arava to Eilat. Netivei Israel is responsible for planning the southern extensions.

The Red Line’s extensions opened in February 2025, bringing service to Neve Yaakov in the north and Hadassah Ein Kerem Hospital in the southwest. They extend the light-rail route that first opened in 2011.

The first Green Line service, L3, opened on 21 August 2026 between HaTurim and Malha: about seven kilometres and 13 stations. Further branches toward Gilo, Mount Scopus and Givat Shaul remain separate expansion phases.

The Blue Line is under construction, connecting Ramot and Gilo through central Jerusalem in stages. Its underground section is planned to run 2.5 kilometres with three stations. J-Train’s route also includes surface branches and a maintenance depot at Malha.

Alstom, Electra and Minrav reached financial close for Nofit on 28 July 2026. The project will connect Haifa and Nazareth through a 41-kilometre light-rail route with 20 stations. Construction and systems delivery remain underway.

Beersheba’s planned light-rail network includes a connection to the IDF intelligence campus at Likit. On 14 May 2026, the prime minister adopted the interministerial recommendation to use light rail, rather than bus rapid transit, on the Beersheba–Likit corridor.

Haifa Bayport is a container terminal operated by Shanghai International Port Group (SIPG), opened in September 2021. It handles large container ships with remotely operated quay cranes. Bayport is separate from the legacy Haifa Port owned by Adani and Gadot.

Hadarom Container Terminal is the privately operated container facility at Ashdod, run by a subsidiary of Terminal Investment Limited (TIL). It began operating in September 2021 alongside, and separately from, the existing Ashdod Port Company.

The sale of Haifa Port Company to Adani Ports (70%) and Gadot (30%) closed on 10 January 2023 for NIS 4.1 billion. The concession runs to 2054. This transaction concerns the historic port, not SIPG’s Bayport terminal.

Ramon Airport, north of Eilat, is named for astronaut Ilan Ramon and his son Assaf. Eilat’s city airport transferred its operations there on 18 March 2019. Ramon also replaced Ovda’s civilian passenger operations.

Oron won a NIS 310 million contract in October 2025 to expand Terminal 3 by 7,000 square metres and add a 2,000-square-metre bus-passenger entrance. A separate eastern baggage-handling building received planning approval in December 2025; these are distinct expansion projects.

Shapir won the northern-extension concession in July 2026. The first phase covers about 22 kilometres from Somech to Beit HaEmek, with three new interchanges. Trans Israel targets construction starting in 2027 and opening in 2030; both are scheduled dates.

Highway 16 opened on 31 August 2022 as a western entrance to Jerusalem. The six-kilometre road connects the Motza area to the city through four tunnels, seven bridges and three interchanges.

Government decision 855 of July 2023 set out a national railway expansion extending toward Kiryat Shmona and Eilat. It combines high-speed and regional corridors. Individual projects have separate planning, funding and construction stages; the programme is not a completed nationwide network.

Leviathan supplies natural gas to Israel, Egypt and Jordan. Chevron operates the field with NewMed Energy and Ratio as partners. In January 2026 the partners approved a $2.36 billion expansion, targeting annual capacity of about 21 billion cubic metres in 2029.

Chevron announced completion of Tamar’s production expansion on 16 June 2026. A third subsea pipeline and three compressors at Ashdod increased capacity from about 1.1 to 1.6 billion cubic feet per day.

Energean’s wholly owned Karish field began producing in October 2022 through the Energean Power floating production vessel. Karish North followed in February 2024. In its September 2026 results, Energean reported commissioning a second oil-processing train during 2026.

Katlan is Energean’s offshore development linking new gas fields to the Energean Power vessel. Its first phase covers Athena and Zeus. The company’s September 2026 report kept first gas targeted for the first half of 2027; Hera and Apollo belong to a later phase.

The planned Ramat Hovav–Nitzana pipeline would add a gas-export route to Egypt. Government plans describe about 66 kilometres of onshore pipe and a compressor station. Its construction forms part of the infrastructure needed for expanded Leviathan exports; it is not yet an operating export route.

The EMG pipeline carries Israeli gas from Ashkelon to Egypt. A separate subsea link between Ashdod and Ashkelon expands the connecting network. NewMed reported that Chevron confirmed completion of this link on 8 July 2026.

In August 2025 the Leviathan partners agreed to sell about 130 billion additional cubic metres of gas to Egypt, with estimated revenue of $35 billion. Israel approved the exports in December 2025. Deliveries are phased and depend on production and pipeline expansion; the headline value is not revenue already received.

The 2022 proposal paired 600 MW of Jordanian solar generation with 200 million cubic metres of Israeli desalinated water annually, with UAE participation. Jordan said in November 2023 that it would not sign the implementation deal during the Gaza war following Hamas’s October 7 attack. The proposed exchange is not operating.

Ashalim combines separate solar-thermal and photovoltaic plants in the Negev. Megalim’s 121 MW plant uses a solar tower; Negev Energy’s 121 MW plant uses parabolic troughs and thermal storage for about 4.5 hours.

EDF’s 265 MW photovoltaic project near Dimona reached financial close in 2026. The site covers about 3,000 dunams. The project’s legal adviser describes roughly two years of construction followed by about 25 years of operation; the planned capacity is not electricity already being generated.

Rules effective 11 December 2025 require solar panels on qualifying new detached homes with roofs over 100 m² and new non-residential buildings with roofs over 250 m², subject to exemptions. Other new residential buildings require preparation for future installation.

The Electricity Authority awarded 1,500 MW of battery-storage capacity across 11 projects in February 2025, with at least four hours of storage. The awards cover northern Israel, the western Negev and the Arava. Contracted capacity should not be counted as already operating storage.

Kochav HaYarden’s 344 MW pumped-storage facility joined the grid in February 2025. It stores energy by pumping water uphill and generates electricity when the water flows back through turbines. It complements the 300 MW Gilboa plant.

The 156 MW Manara pumped-storage plant remains under construction in the Upper Galilee. Ellomay’s August 2026 report says work across the site is progressing, while negotiations continue over compensation for war-related delays and changes to financing.

Enlight’s Genesis Wind farm in the Golan Heights has 207 MW of generating capacity and entered commercial operation in October 2023. Its electricity output varies with wind conditions; installed megawatts are a capacity measure rather than continuous generation.

The 2018 electricity reform separated system management into Noga and required sales of IEC power stations to private producers. IEC retains major transmission and distribution responsibilities. Since July 2024, households can choose an electricity supplier even without a smart meter; network infrastructure remains regulated.

The Great Sea Interconnector is a proposed electricity link from Greece through Cyprus to Israel. Its developer lists an initial 1,000 MW capacity and treats Cyprus–Crete as the first stage, with Israel following later. Financing and construction progress differ between the two sections.

EastMed–Poseidon is a proposed gas-pipeline connection from the eastern Mediterranean through Cyprus and Greece to Italy. Developer IGI Poseidon describes a roughly 2,100-kilometre combined route and design capacity of 12–20 billion cubic metres annually. It remains a development project rather than an operating pipeline.

Sorek B, also called Be’er Miriam, supplies desalinated seawater to the national network. IDE announced that it was operating in March 2025, with annual output of 200 million cubic metres. Its reverse-osmosis process uses steam-driven high-pressure pumps and an on-site power station.

Sorek A began operating in 2013 on the Mediterranean coast south of Tel Aviv. The seawater reverse-osmosis plant has a contracted annual supply of about 150 million cubic metres. It is a separate facility from the neighbouring Sorek B plant.

Ashkelon’s seawater desalination plant opened in 2005 and supplies about 120 million cubic metres annually. In May 2026 the government approved an upgrade plan targeting about 220 million cubic metres a year under a new concession.

Hadera’s seawater reverse-osmosis plant, beside the Orot Rabin power station, entered operation in 2010. IDE lists annual supply of 137 million cubic metres. It feeds Israel’s national water system alongside the other coastal desalination plants.

Palmachim began operating in 2007 and was expanded in 2010 and 2013. BlueGen operates the seawater reverse-osmosis plant; its investor Generation Capital lists a 51% holding through BlueGen and maximum annual capacity of 105 million cubic metres. The build–own–operate arrangement keeps the facility in private ownership after the concession period.

IDE is building the Western Galilee desalination plant, also called Birkat Miriam, with contracted annual capacity of 100 million cubic metres. The European Investment Bank signed a €150 million loan for it in 2023. The US Commerce Department’s March 2026 guide expected operation in early 2027.

Shafdan treats wastewater from the Dan metropolitan area for reuse in agriculture. Mekorot describes further filtration through soil and an aquifer, followed by delivery through the Third Line to the Negev. The company reports that this line carries about 140 million cubic metres of reclaimed water annually.

Mekorot’s flow-reversal project sends desalinated Mediterranean water north through pipelines, pumping stations and reservoirs toward the Sea of Galilee. The company dates initial operation to early 2023. The system supports water supply in northern Israel and the lake, alongside Israel’s water commitments to Jordan.

The 2022 proposal paired 600 MW of Jordanian solar generation with 200 million cubic metres of Israeli desalinated water annually, with UAE participation. Jordan said in November 2023 that it would not sign the implementation deal during the Gaza war following Hamas’s October 7 attack. The proposed exchange is not operating.

Israel’s fibre rollout connects homes and businesses to high-speed fixed broadband. At the end of June 2026, Bezeq reported 3.028 million homes passed by its fibre network and 1.061 million retail and wholesale fibre subscriptions. Homes passed measures network reach, while subscriptions measure take-up.

Israel’s mobile operators have offered commercial 5G since 2020. In July 2026, a Communications Ministry advisory team recommended measures to remove deployment barriers and improve coverage. The retirement of 2G and 3G involved extensions into 2026, so the original December 2025 shutdown date did not apply uniformly.

Google and Sparkle’s Blue–Raman project is designed to link southern Europe and India through Israel and Jordan. Blue serves the Mediterranean route via Italy, France, Greece and Israel; Raman extends through Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti and Oman to India. Together they provide a route distinct from the established Egyptian corridor.

2Africa connects Africa with Europe and the Middle East, without a direct Israeli landing. Meta announced completion of the core system in November 2025; its announcement scheduled the separate Pearls extension for 2026.

Gov.il brings government information and online services together. The MyGov personal area uses national digital identification to provide access to personal documents, applications and services from participating public bodies.

Tel Aviv-Yafo’s DigiTel resident service combines municipal updates, benefits and a personal service area. Residents aged 14 and over can join; services include municipal tax, parking, education and tracking requests to the city.

Tekuma coordinates recovery of Gaza-border communities after Hamas’s October 7, 2023 attack. Its September 2026 update reported over 90% of residents back, while return to Be’eri was planned in stages through July 2027 and to Nir Oz from late 2027.

Northern rehabilitation covers housing, public services and local economic recovery after Hezbollah’s attacks and the evacuation of border communities. Government decision 4238, adopted in June 2026, sets a regional development program for 2026–2030; approved budgets do not by themselves establish completion of individual projects.

The former Sde Dov airfield is being redeveloped under Tel Aviv’s TA/4444 plan. The municipality describes 16,000 apartments for about 40,000 residents, including about 2,100 city-owned affordable rentals, with parks, mixed-use streets and planned Green Line stations.

Holon’s H/619 framework guides renewal of older neighborhoods through rebuilding or strengthening existing buildings. It links development rights to street character, public space and transport corridors; individual projects still require the relevant planning approvals and permits.

The Planning Administration’s 2025 yearbook records approval of 223,164 housing units, including 25,279 approved by local planning bodies. Planning approvals, building permits, construction starts and completed homes are different measures; this figure does not count homes delivered to residents.

Iron Dome defends against short-range aerial threats using Tamir interceptors. In November 2025, Raytheon–Rafael’s R2S venture announced a $1.25 billion contract to supply Israel from its Camden, Arkansas facility; Israel’s Defense Ministry reported further system upgrade tests in 2026.

David’s Sling is an operational layer of Israel’s air defense, developed jointly with the United States. The US Missile Defense Agency reported successful upgrade tests in February 2026 against scenarios involving rockets, missiles, aircraft and drones, drawing on combat experience.

Arrow 3 intercepts ballistic missiles outside the atmosphere and has been operational since 2017. It forms the upper defense layer alongside Arrow 2; in August 2026 Israel and the US Missile Defense Agency reported another Arrow-system test.

Arrow 4 is a joint Israeli–US development program led by IAI, intended to replace Arrow 2 as threats evolve. A production forecast is not confirmation of operational deployment; the US agency’s August 2026 account still identifies the deployed Arrow system as Arrow 2 and Arrow 3.

The first Iron Beam high-power laser system was delivered to the IDF on December 28, 2025. Developed by Rafael with an Elbit laser source, it is intended to complement missile defenses against rockets, mortars and drones; delivery of the first unit does not mean nationwide coverage.

The Gaza border system combines an aboveground fence and underground defenses against cross-border tunnels, completed in December 2021. Hamas breached the fence during its October 7, 2023 attack; the IDF subsequently repaired and reinforced damaged sections.

Israel completed its security fence along the Egyptian border in 2013. Physical barriers, surveillance and border patrols work together to detect and prevent unauthorized crossings; the fence is one component of border defense, rather than a barrier to aerial threats.

The government’s 2026 infrastructure program lists a wall-type barrier along the Lebanon border as under construction. This physical project is distinct from IDF deployments in southern Lebanon, which the IDF described in September 2026 as protection against Hezbollah attacks and renewed military infrastructure.

Construction of the eastern security barrier began in December 2025 on two sections totaling about 80 km. The Defense Ministry describes a planned roughly 500 km system from the southern Golan to north of Eilat, costing an estimated NIS 5.5 billion; later sections remain phased work.

The Ariel Sharon training campus near Yeruham began operating in May 2015 and completed its initial move-in in summer 2016. It brings seven IDF training schools together, including military medicine, logistics, communications, military police and personnel; it is separate from the newer intelligence and technology campuses.

The Beersheba communications campus is part of the IDF’s move south. Contractor Shikun & Binui reported initial operation in April 2026, while its separate intelligence campus remained under construction; the two projects should not be treated as a single completed base.

Soroka’s reconstruction follows the Iranian missile strike of June 2025. A development plan approved in 2026 includes a protected inpatient building and additional towers; the government’s NIS 360 million allocation for 2026–2030 is a funding contribution, not the total cost or proof of completed construction.

Ichilov’s planned underground hospital in the Alrov tower has a $10 million Helmsley grant. The donor’s October 2025 announcement describes 250 beds, expandable to 400, on a parking level designed for conversion to emergency use within 24 hours; it describes planned capacity.

Israel’s shelter programs include public-shelter repairs, mobile shelters and protected rooms in homes. In September 2026 the Defense Ministry announced expansion of the Northern Shield program to eligible communities within 9 km of Lebanon, with self-build grants of up to NIS 182,000 subject to eligibility.

Satellite images examined by the Associated Press in September 2025 showed substantial construction at the Dimona research center. Experts disagreed about the new structure’s purpose, and Israel did not publicly confirm it; the available evidence does not establish a new reactor’s completion or operation.